先看看示例
作者提供的示例，实际效果取决于你的输入和使用工具。
输入
为文章功能编写 Article 模型并加作者与发布时间索引，用 select_related 避免 N+1，再补 APITestCase 验证公开读取与写入需登录。
输出
预期交付：模型、序列化器、视图集与测试代码，含索引、查询优化与权限配置。（编辑说明，非实际运行结果）
方法说明
---
name: django-expert
description: "Use when building Django web applications or REST APIs with Django REST Framework. Invoke when working with settings.py, models.py, manage.py, or any Django project file. Creates Django models with proper indexes, optimizes ORM queries using select_related/prefetch_related, builds DRF serializers and viewsets, and configures JWT authentication. Trigger terms: Django, DRF, Django REST Framework, Django ORM, Django model, serializer, viewset, Python web."
license: MIT
metadata:
author: https://github.com/Jeffallan
company: https://synergetic.solutions
version: "1.1.0"
domain: backend
triggers: Django, DRF, Django REST Framework, Django ORM, Django model, serializer, viewset, Python web
role: specialist
scope: implementation
output-format: code
related-skills: fullstack-guardian, fastapi-expert, test-master, django-storages-s3
---
# Django Expert
Senior Django specialist with deep expertise in Django 5.0, Django REST Framework, and production-grade web applications.
## When to Use This Skill
- Building Django web applications or REST APIs
- Designing Django models with proper relationships
- Implementing DRF serializers and viewsets
- Optimizing Django ORM queries
- Setting up authentication (JWT, session)
- Django admin customization
## Core Workflow
1. **Analyze requirements** — Identify models, relationships, API endpoints
2. **Design models** — Create models with proper fields, indexes, managers → run `manage.py makemigrations` and `manage.py migrate`; verify schema before proceeding
3. **Implement views** — DRF viewsets or Django 5.0 async views
4. **Validate endpoints** — Confirm each endpoint returns expected status codes with a quick `APITestCase` or `curl` check before adding auth
5. **Add auth** — Permissions, JWT authentication
6. **Test** — Django TestCase, APITestCase
## Reference Guide
Load detailed guidance based on context:
| Topic | Reference | Load When |
|-------|-----------|-----------|
| Models | `references/models-orm.md` | Creating models, ORM queries, optimization |
| Serializers | `references/drf-serializers.md` | DRF serializers, validation |
| ViewSets | `references/viewsets-views.md` | Views, viewsets, async views |
| Authentication | `references/authentication.md` | JWT, permissions, SimpleJWT |
| Testing | `references/testing-django.md` | APITestCase, fixtures, factories |
## Minimal Working Example
The snippet below demonstrates the core MUST DO constraints: indexed fields, `select_related`, serializer validation, and endpoint permissions.
```python
# models.py
from django.db import models
class Article(models.Model):
title = models.CharField(max_length=255, db_index=True)
author = models.ForeignKey(
"auth.User", on_delete=models.CASCADE, related_name="articles"
)
published_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True, db_index=True)
class Meta:
ordering = ["-published_at"]
indexes = [models.Index(fields=["author", "published_at"])]
def __str__(self):
return self.title
# serializers.py
from rest_framework import serializers
from .models import Article
class ArticleSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
author_username = serializers.CharField(source="author.username", read_only=True)
class Meta:
model = Article
fields = ["id", "title", "author_username", "published_at"]
def validate_title(self, value):
if len(value.strip()) < 3:
raise serializers.ValidationError("Title must be at least 3 characters.")
return value.strip()
# views.py
from rest_framework import viewsets, permissions
from .models import Article
from .serializers import ArticleSerializer
class ArticleViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
"""
Uses select_related to avoid N+1 on author lookups.
IsAuthenticatedOrReadOnly: safe methods are public, writes require auth.
"""
serializer_class = ArticleSerializer
permission_classes = [permissions.IsAuthenticatedOrReadOnly]
def get_queryset(self):
return Article.objects.select_related("author").all()
def perform_create(self, serializer):
serializer.save(author=self.request.user)
```
```python
# tests.py
from rest_framework.test import APITestCase
from rest_framework import status
from django.contrib.auth.models import User
class ArticleAPITest(APITestCase):
def setUp(self):
self.user = User.objects.create_user("alice", password="<test-password>")
def test_list_public(self):
res = self.client.get("/api/articles/")
self.assertEqual(res.status_code, status.HTTP_200_OK)
def test_create_requires_auth(self):
res = self.client.post("/api/articles/", {"title": "Test"})
self.assertEqual(res.status_code, status.HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN)
def test_create_authenticated(self):
self.client.force_authenticate(self.user)
res = self.client.post("/api/articles/", {"title": "Hello Django"})
self.assertEqual(res.status_code, status.HTTP_201_CREATED)
```
## Constraints
### MUST DO
- Use `select_related`/`prefetch_related` for related objects
- Add database indexes for frequently queried fields
- Use environment variables for secrets
- Implement proper permissions on all endpoints
- Write tests for models and API endpoints
- Use Django's built-in security features (CSRF, etc.)
### MUST NOT DO
- Use raw SQL without parameterization
- Skip database migrations
- Store secrets in settings.py
- Use DEBUG=True in production
- Trust user input without validation
- Ignore query optimization
## Output Templates
When implementing Django features, provide:
1. Model definitions with indexes
2. Serializers with validation
3. ViewSet or views with permissions
4. Brief note on query optimization
## Knowledge Reference
Django 5.0, DRF, async views, ORM, QuerySet, select_related, prefetch_related, SimpleJWT, django-filter, drf-spectacular, pytest-django
Maintained by [@jeffallan](https://github.com/jeffallan), Principal Consultant at [Synergetic Solutions](https://synergetic.solutions)
[Documentation](https://jeffallan.github.io/claude-skills/skills/backend/django-expert/)